prickly sow thistle

not listed

NNA - Not applicable

SNA - Not applicable

not listed

FAC - Facultative

FACU - Facultative upland

FACU - Facultative upland

Prickly sow thistle is a 4″ to 60″ tall, erect, perennial forb that rises on one or more stems from a taproot.

The stems are erect, hollow between the nodes, hairless, and often somewhat covered with a whitish, waxy bloom (glaucous). They occasionally branch near the top. The base of the stem is soft, not woody. When broken the stems exude a milky sap.

Middle stem leaves are alternate, inversely egg-shaped to lance-shaped, 2⅜″ to 11¾″ long, and ⅜″ to 6″ wide. They are irregularly, deeply lobed (pinnatifid) with 2 to 5 more or less triangular lobes per side. At the base of the leaf blade is a pair of ear-like projections (auricles) that often wrap around more than half of the stem. The auricles are always rounded. The upper surface of the leaf blade is hairless and shiny. The lower surface paler, hairless, and sometimes somewhat glaucous. The margins have sharp, spreading teeth with prickles at the tip. Basal and lower stem leaves are similar and are on winged leaf stalks. Upper leaves become gradually smaller, less lobed or unlobed, and have more prominent auricles.

The inflorescence is a loose, corymb-like cluster of several flower heads at the end of the stem. The stalks of the inflorescence are usually hairless, occasionally sparsely covered with reddish-brown, spreading, glandular hairs.

The flower heads are ⅝″ to 1″ in diameter when fully open. The whorl of bracts at the base of the flower head (involucre) is ⅜″ to ½″ long and either contracted at the tip (bell-shaped) or not contracted at the tip (pitcher-shaped). The bracts of the involucre are hairless. Each flower head has 80 to 250 yellow ray florets and no disk florets. The ray florets are 5 ⁄16″ to ⅝″ long and have 5 small teeth at the tip. The flat, spreading, strap-like portion at the end of the ray floret is shorter than the tube portion at the base.

The fruit is a ⅛″ long achene with usually 3 prominent ribs on each face (6 total) and a smooth, not wrinkled, surface. There is a tuft of microscopically barbed hairs at the tip.

4″ to 60″

Yellow

Common sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) leaf auricles are triangular to lance-shaped, usually sharply pointed, rarely rounded, and wrap around no more than half of the stem. The upper surface of the leaf blade is not shiny. The achene is wrinkled and 3 or 5 ribbed.

Perennial sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis) stem is hard and sometimes woody at the base. The leaf auricles may be rounded or pointed, and wrap around no more than half of the stem. The upper surface of the leaf blade is dull or only slightly shiny. The flower heads are larger, 1″ to 1¾″ in diameter. The involucre is longer, 9 ⁄16″ to ⅞″ long. The ray florets are longer, ⅜″ to 1″ long. The achene is prominently 5 to 8 ribbed and is wrinkled.

Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) leaves have a row of prickles along the midvein on the underside.

Thistle (Cirsium spp., Carduus spp.) stems and leaves do not have milky sap.

Streambanks, river banks, pastures, field edges, roadsides, disturbed areas.

July to October

Sources

2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 22, 28, 29, 30.

Native to Africa, Asia, and Europe, and the Indian subcontinent. Introduced and naturalized in North America.

Common

Plant

Inflorescence

Flower Head

Leaves