Minnesota Fungi
Kingdom Fungi |
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Fungi is the kingdom of living organisms that is characterized by lacking chlorophyll, feeding on dead and decaying organic matter, producing spores, and having cells with cell walls that contain chitin. The order includes mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, sac fungi, molds, yeasts, Penicillium, bread molds, and organisms that cause plant and animal diseases such as athlete’s foot and leaf spot. While there are about 100,000 described fungi species, there are estimated to be over 1,500,000 species worldwide. According to the Bell Museum of Natural History, there are 9,000 species expected to be native to Minnesota “based on the number of vascular plant species native to the state and the ratio of fungi to vascular plants for well documented parts of Europe.” To date, only two states have declared a state mushroom: Minnesota and Oregon. In 1984, the Minnesota legislature designated the Yellow Morel (Morchella esculentoides) as the state mushroom of Minnesota. Recent research based on DNA comparisons have resulted in changes in taxonomic order at all levels, even the highest. Fungi are now considered to be closer to animals than plants. As a result, authoritative sources of information about fungi on the Web provide differing binomial names and lineages for the same species. |
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What is the difference between a mushroom and a toadstool?
A mushroom is a fleshy fruiting body of a fungus, consisting of a dome-shaped or flat cap on a stalk, with spore-bearing gills or pores on the underside of the cap. The word “toadstool” is a nonscientific term. In common usage the term mushroom refers to an edible mushroom and the term toadstool refers to a poisonous mushroom.
Recent Additions |
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Bulbous Honey Fungus |
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In the early 1990s a huge underground mycelium of Bulbous Honey Fungus (Armillaria gallica) was found covering 37 acres in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Molecular genetics showed the underground part of the fungus (mycelium) to be about 1,500 years old. It came to be known as the “Humongous Fungus”, became a popular tourist attraction, and spawned a annual fungus festival. At the time of its discovery it was thought to be the largest organism on earth, a title formerly held by Pando, the quaking aspen grove in Utah. Since that time, three other organisms have held that title. The current (2022) holder is the marine plant Posidonia australis in Shark Bay, Australia. Bulbous Honey Fungus is a common, late season, gilled mushroom occurring in Europe, Asia, and North America. It appears in late summer and fall growing on the ground attached to underground roots, on stumps and logs, and on the base of living trees. The mature cap is broadly convex to almost flat, pinkish-brown or brownish-yellow, and covered with slender fibers. The stalk is thick and expanded at the bottom, appearing club-shaped. The flesh is edible when cooked and has a mild to bitter taste. |
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| Photo by Honey Fae (Farah) | ||||
Ruby Bolete |
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Ruby Bolete (Hortiboletus rubellus) is a small, red capped, blue staining mushroom. It occurs in Europe, the United States, southern Canada, and Mexico. It reaches the western extent of one part of its range in eastern Minnesota. It is found in summer and fall in woodlands, parks, and gardens. It grows on the ground near oaks and other hardwood trees. The cap is small, no more than 2⅜″ in diameter, and is bright but dark pinkish-red. This is the feature that gives the mushroom its common name. It often has a thin yellow or whitish band around the margin. The pore surface on the underside of the cap is yellow. It quickly stains dark blue when bruised. The stalk is up to 2¾″ long, is mostly red, and has many tiny red dots. When cut lengthwise, the flesh of the stem reveals numerous, tiny, bright red or carrot orange dots near the base. Ruby Bolete is edible but it has a soapy taste, and like other boletes, it is often infested with maggots. |
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| Photo by Holly Stanger | ||||
Blue stain fungi |
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There are between 100 and 250 species of sap staining fungi, and they are divided into three groups. One of these groups is known as blue stain fungi. It is an informal grouping of various species of sac fungi (Ascomycota) that cause blue discoloration in the heartwood of trees without destroying the wood. The fungi are from the genera Ceratocystis, Ophiostoma, Ceratocystiopsis, and Grosmannia. They do not form a single taxonomic group because they do not descend from a common ancestor. Not all species in those genera cause blue staining. Blue stain fungi spores are carried to a living tree on the body of a wood boring beetle. Their thread-like cells (hyphae) produce dark melanin on their walls to protect them from light, drought, and the tree’s own defenses. Blue discoloration spreads from the wound on the outside through the heartwood in a wedge-shaped pattern following the spread of the fungus. Boxelder trees produce a brilliant red stain in the wood as a response to the fungus. Blue stain fungi damages the living tree by clogging the vascular system, leading to decline and premature death of the tree. The damage caused to the wood is merely aesthetic. The discoloration makes the wood undesirable and less profitable but does not weaken the wood. |
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| Photo by Honey Fae (Farah) | ||||
Elbowpatch Crust |
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Elbowpatch Crust (Fomitiporia punctata) is one of many fungi that cause a disease known as canker rot. Cankers are open wounds or lesions on the trunk or a branch. With this species, the canker is takes the form of a brown “elbow patch.” It spreads flat on the surface of the substrate with no stalk or cap (resupinate). The outer (pore) surface is yellowish-brown or grayish-brown. The margins are yellowish-brown at first, eventually becoming black and cracked. Elbowpatch Crust is a common and widespread wood decaying fungus. It occurs worldwide on every continent except Antarctica. In North America it occurs east of the Great Plains and in the Pacific Northwest. It is found in deciduous and mixed forests and woodlands. It grows on many hardwood trees and shrubs, including willow, ash, maple, plum, buckthorn, mountain ash, Siberian peashrub, and common lilac. It is usually seen on fallen trees and branches, but will also grow on live trees and shrubs. It causes white rot of sapwood and in some species also of heartwood. It can weaken a tree making it a hazard to buildings and people. |
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| Photo by Luciearl | ||||
Mossy Maze Polypore |
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Mossy Maze Polypore (Cerrena unicolor) is a widespread and very common bracket fungi. It occurs in Europe and Asia, and throughout North and Central America. In the United States it is common east of the Great Plains, uncommon in the Pacific northwest, and absent elsewhere. In Minnesota it is very common in the eastern half of the state, uncommon to absent in the western half. It is found year round in deciduous and mixed forests, on dead hardwood stumps and logs. When growing on the underside of a log it looks like a pore surface that has lost its cap. When on the top or side of a log or stump it produces a semi-circular shelf-like or bracket-like cap. The upper surface is whitish to brownish or dark brown, but is often green due to a covering of algae. It has a broad pale margin and is densely hairy, sometimes velvety. The pore surface is whitish when young, becoming smoky gray at maturity. The pores are slotted, maze-like. The flesh is leathery, tough and inedible. |
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| Photo by Luciearl | ||||
Other Recent Additions |
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Blue Mycena (Mycena subcaerulea) Earthfan (Thelephora terrestris) Dark Honey Fungus (Armillaria ostoyae) Barometer Earthstars (Astraeus spp.) Curtis’s Puffball (Lycoperdon curtisii) |
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| Photo by Luciearl | ||||
This list includes only fungi that have been recorded in Minnesota, but not all of the fungi found in Minnesota. |
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Aecidium impatientis (orange-yellow rust) Agaricaceae (fungus) Agaricus abruptibulbus (Flat-bulb Mushroom) Agaricus bitorquis (Pavement Mushroom) Agaricus campestris (Meadow Mushroom) Agaricus haemorrhoidarius (Blushing Wood Mushroom) Agaricus moelleri (Inky Agaricus) Agaricus xanthodermus (Yellow Stainer) Agrocybe molesta (Bearded Fieldcap) Albatrellus confluens (Fused Polypore) Aleuria aurantia (Orange Peel Fungus) Aleurodiscus oakesii (Smooth Patch) Alloclavaria purpurea (Purple Spindles) Allodus podophylli (Mayapple Rust) Amanita bisporigera (Eastern North American Destroying Angel) Amanita brunnescens (Brown American Star-footed Amanita) Amanita citrina (False Death Cap) Amanita crocea (Orange Grisette) Amanita frostiana (Frost’s Amanita) Amanita fulva (Tawny Grisette) Amanita gemmata (Gem-Studded Amanita) Amanita lavendula (Coker’s Lavender Staining Amanita) Amanita multisquamosa (Small Funnel-Veil Amanita) Amanita muscaria var. guessowii (American Yellow Fly Agaric) Amanita pantherina var. pantherina (Panther Cap) Amanita persicina (Peach-colored Fly Agaric) Amanita phalloides (Death Cap) Amanita porphyria (Grey-veiled Amanita) Amanita pseudocrocea (America Saffron Ringless Amanita) Amanita russuloides (Russula-like Amanita) Amanita thiersii (Thiers’ amanita) Amanita velatipes (Great Funnel-Veil Amanita) Amanita wellsii (Salmon Amanita) Aphelaria spp. (Cantharellales) Apiognomonia errabunda (Oak Anthracnose) Apioperdon pyriforme (Pear-shaped Puffball) Apiosporina morbosa (Black Knot) Arachnion album (Granular Puffball) Armillaria gallica (Bulbous Honey Fungus) Armillaria mellea group (Honey Mushroom) Armillaria ostoyae (Dark Honey Fungus) Armillaria sinapina (honey mushroom) Arrhenia obscurata (Very Dark Omphalina) Arrhenia umbratilis (Bog Shadow) Arthuriomyces peckianus (Blackberry Orange Rust) Artomyces pyxidatus (Crown-tipped Coral) Ascobolus denudatus (fungus) Ascobolus furfuraceus (fungus) Ascobolus viridis (fungus) Ascocoryne sarcoides (Purple Jellydisc) Astraeus smithii (Smith’s Earthstar) Astraeus spp. (Barometer Earthstars) Atheniella adonis (Scarlet Bonnet) Aurantioporthe corni (Dogwood Golden Canker) Aureoboletus russellii (Russell’s Bolete) Auricularia americana (Jelly Tree Ear) Auricularia angiospermarum (Wood Ear) Baorangia bicolor (Two-colored Bolete) Bisporella citrina (Yellow Fairy Cup Fungus) Bjerkandera adusta (Smoky Polypore) Blumeria graminis (Barley Powdery Mildew) Blumeriella jaapii (Cherry Leaf Spot) Bolbitius reticulatus (Netted Fieldcap) Bolbitius spp. (fungi) Bolbitius titubans (Yellow Fieldcap) Boletellus spp. (boletes) Boletinellus merulioides (Ash-tree Bolete) Boletus luridus (Lurid Bolete) Boletus nobilis (Noble Bolete) Boletus sensibilis (Curry Bolete) Boletus subcaerulescens (Almost Bluing King Bolete) Boletus variipes (Variable-stalk Bolete) Bovista pila (Tumbling Puffball) Bovista plumbea (Lead-grey Puffball) Bovista spp. (True Puffballs) Bovistella utriformis (Mosaic Puffball) Calocera cornea (Club-like Tuning Fork) Calocera viscosa (Yellow Stagshorn Fungus) Calvatia cyathiformis (Purple-spored Puffball) Calvatia gigantea (Giant Puffball) Camarops petersii (Dog’s Nose Fungus) Camarops spp. (fungus) Candolleomyces candolleanus (Pale Brittlestem) Cantharellus cibarius (Golden Chanterelle) Cantharellus cinereus (Ashen Chanterelle) Cantharellus cinnabarinus (Red Chanterelle) Cantharellus lateritius (Smooth Chanterelle) Cantharellus subalbidus (White Chanterelle) Ceratocystis fagacearum (Oak Wilt) Ceratocystis smalleyi (Ceratocystis Canker of Bitternut Hickory) Cerioporus leptocephalus (Blackfoot Polypore) Cerioporus squamosus (Dryad’s Saddle) Cerospora xanthoxyli (Leaf Spot) Cerrena unicolor (Mossy Maze Polypore) Chionosphaera apobasidialis (fungus) Chlorociboria aeruginascens (Green Wood Cup) Chlorociboria aeruginosa (Turquoise Elfcup) Chlorophyllum agaricoides (Puffball Parasol) Chlorophyllum molybdites (Green-spored Parasol) Chlorophyllum rhacodes (Shaggy Parasol) Chroogomphus ochraceus (Olive Pine Spike) Chroogomphus rutilus (Copper Spike) Chroogomphus spp. (bolete) Ciboria batschiana (Catkin Cup) Clavaria fragilis (Fairy Fingers) Clavaria spp. (fungi) Clavaria zollingeri (Violet Coral Fungus) Clavariadelphus truncatus (Truncated Club) Clavulinopsis laeticolor (Handsome Club) Climacodon septentrionalis (Northern Tooth) Climacodon spp. (shelf fungus) Clitocybe dealbata (Ivory Funnel) Clitocybe gibba (Common Funnel) Clitocybe martiorum (funnel) Clitocybe nebularis (Clouded Funnel) Clitocybe subconnexa (Clustered Clitocybe) Clitocybula familia (coincap) Clitopilus spp. (fungus) Coleosporium solidaginis (Goldenrod Rust) Collybiopsis subnuda (parachute) Coltricia montagnei (Green’s Polypore) Coltricia perennis (Brown Funnel Polypore) Connopus acervatus (Cluster Cap) Conocybe filaris (Fool’s Conecap) Conocybe macrocephala (conecap) Conocybe tenera (Common Conecap) Conocybe vexans (Vexed Conecap) Coprinellus disseminatus (Trooping Crumble Cap) Coprinellus domesticus (Firerug Inkcap) Coprinellus micaceus (Mica Cap) Coprinopsis lagopus (Hare’s Foot Inkcap) Coprinopsis picacea (Magpie Inkcap) Coprinopsis variegata (Scaly Ink Cap) Coprinus comatus (Shaggy Mane) Coriolopsis gallica (Brownflesh Bracket) Cortinarius allutus (webcap) Cortinarius angelesianus (webcap) Cortinarius annulatus (webcap) Cortinarius anomalus (Variable Webcap) Cortinarius armillatus (Red-banded Webcap) Cortinarius atkinsonianus (Atkinson’s Fungi) Cortinarius caperatus (Goats Hat) Cortinarius claricolor (webcap) Cortinarius distans (webcap) Cortinarius flavifolius (webcap) Cortinarius glaucopus (Greenfoot Webcap) Cortinarius iodes (Viscid Violet Cort) Cortinarius jubarinus (webcap) Cortinarius laniger (Woolly Webcap) Cortinarius luteoarmillatus (webcap) Cortinarius melleopallens (webcap) Cortinarius mucosus (Orange Webcap) Cortinarius murellensis (webcap) Cortinarius paleaceus (Pelargonium Webcap) Cortinarius pholideus (Scaly Webcap) Cortinarius pseudofallax (webcap) Cortinarius scandens (webcap) Cortinarius septentrionalis (webcap) Cortinarius sphaerosporus (webcap) Cortinarius squarrosus (webcap) Cortinarius subcroceofolius (webcap) Cortinarius subsolitarius (webcap) Cortinarius trivialis (Girdled Webcap) Cotylidia undulata (Stalked Rosette) Craterellus cornucopioides (Horn of Plenty) Craterellus fallax (Black Trumpet) Craterellus foetidus (Fragrant Black Trumpet) Craterellus lutescens (Yellow Foot) Craterellus tubaeformis (Yellowfoot) Crepidotus albatus (oysterling) Crepidotus applanatus (Flat Crep) Crepidotus crocophyllus (Saffron Crep) Crepidotus ellipsoideus (Small White Crepidotus) Crepidotus kauffmanii (Kauffmans stumpfoot mushroom) Crepidotus luteicolor (oysterling) Crepidotus regularis (oysterling) Crinipellis spp. (pinwheels) Crinipellis zonata (Zoned Hairy Parachute) Cronartium quercuum (Pine-oak Gall Rust) Crucibulum laeve (Common Bird’s Nest) Crucibulum striatus (Fluted Bird’s Nest) Cyanoboletus pulverulentus (Inkstain Bolete) Cyathus stercoreus (Dung-loving Bird’s Nest) Cyathus striatus (Fluted Bird's Nest Fungus) Cyclocybe erebia (Dark Fieldcap) Cyptotrama chrysopepla (Golden Coincap) Cystoderma aureum (Golden Cap) Cystodermella terryi (fungus) Cytospora spp. (Cankers) Dacrymyces chrysospermus (Orange Jelly Spot) Dacrymyces minor (fungus) Dacrymyces spathularia (Fan-shaped Jelly Fungus) Dacrymyces stillatus (Common Jellyspot) Daedalea quercina (Oak Mazegill) Daedaleopsis confragosa (Thin-Walled Maze Polypore) Daldinia concentrica (King Alfred’s Cakes) Datronia mollis (Common Mazegill) Datronia stereoides (bracket fungus) Datroniella scutellata (bracket fungus) Dendrostilbella spp. (fungi) Diatrype spp. (fungi) Diplocarpon mespili (Entomosporium Leaf Spot) Diplodia natalensis (Stem Canker) Diplodia tumefaciens (Corky Bark Disease) Diplomitoporus crustulinus (shelf fungus) Discina fastigiata (Beefsteak False Morel) Disciotis venosa (Veined Brown Cup Fungus) Ductifera pululahuana (White Jelly Fungus) Entoloma abortivum (Aborted Entoloma) Entoloma cetratum (Honey Pinkgill) Entoloma formosum (Pretty Pinkgill) Entoloma incanum (Mouse-pee Pinkgill) Entoloma infula (pinkgill) Entoloma majaloides (pinkgill) Entoloma parvum (pinkgill) Entoloma rhodopolium (Wood Pinkgill) Entoloma serrulatum (Blue Edge Pinkgill) Entoloma strictius (Straight-stalked Entoloma) Entomophaga grylli (Summit Disease) Entomophaga maimaiga (entomophagus fungus) Entyloma australe (White Smut) Epichloe typhina (Choke Disease of Grasses) Erwinia amylovora (Fire Blight) Erysiphales (Powdery Mildew) Erysiphe adunca (Willow Mildew) Erysiphe diffusa (powdery mildew) Eudarluca spp. (fungi) Eutypella parasitica (Eutypella Canker) Exidia glandulosa (Black Witches’ Butter) Exidia recisa (Amber Jelly Fungus) Favolus pseudobetulinus (honeycomb fungus) Fistulina hepatica (Beefsteak Polypore) Flammulaster erinaceellus (Powder-scale Pholiota) Flammulina velutipes (Velvet Foot) Fomes fomentarius (Hoof Fungus) Fomitiporia punctata (Elbowpatch Crust) Fomitopsis betulina (Birch Polypore) Fomitopsis pinicola (Red-banded Polypore) Fuscoporia ferruginosa (Rusty Porecrust) Fuscoporia gilva (Mustard Yellow Polypore) Fuscopostia fragilis (Brown-staining Cheese Polypore) Galerina autumnalis (Deadly Galerina) Galerina marginata (Funeral Bell) Galerina vittiformis (Hairy Leg Bell) Ganoderma applanatum (Artist’s Conk) Ganoderma lucidum (Lacquered Bracket) Ganoderma tsugae (Hemlock Varnish Shelf) Geastrum coronatum (Crowned Earthstar) Geastrum fimbriatum (Sessile Earthstar) Geastrum floriforme (Daisy Earthstar) Geastrum fornicatum (Arched Earthstar) Geastrum minimum (Tiny Earthstar) Geastrum pectinatum (Beaked Earthstar) Geastrum quadrifidum (Four-rayed Earthstar) Geastrum saccatum (Rounded Earthstar) Geastrum spp. (Earthstars) Geastrum striatum (Striate Earthstar) Geastrum triplex (Collared Earthstar) Genabea spinospora (fungus) Gibellula pulchra (fungus) Gliophorus psittacinus (Parrot Mushroom) Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Conifer Mazegill) Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Rusty Gilled Polypore) Gloeoporus dichrous (Bicolored Bracket) Gloiocephala caricis (pinwheel or parachute mushroom) Gloiodon strigosus (fungus) Glomus spp. (fungus) Gomphidius flavipes (spike) Gomphidius glutinosus (Slimy Spike) Gomphidius maculatus (Larch Spike) Gomphidius nigricans (spike) Gomphus clavatus (Pig’s Ears) Grifola frondosa (Hen of the Woods) Gymnoconia interstitialis (Orange Rust of Raspberries) Gymnoconia nitens (Orange Rust) Gymnoconia spp. (rust fungus) Gymnopilus sapineus (Scaly Rustgill) Gymnopus dryophilus (Oak-loving Gymnopus) Gymnopus semihirtipes (fungus) Gymnopus spongiosus (Hairy-stalked Collybia) Gymnosporangium clavipes (Cedar-quince Rust) Gymnosporangium globosum (Cedar-hawthorn Rust) Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae (Cedar-apple Rust) Gyrodon intermedius (bolete) Gyrodon merulioides (Ash-tree Bolete) Gyromitra ambigua (false morrel) Gyromitra ambigua (Changeable False Morel) Gyromitra brunnea (Gabled False Morel) Gyromitra esculenta (False Morel) Gyromitra fastigiata (false morrel) Gyromitra fastigiata (Beefsteak False Morel) Gyromitra infula (Hooded False Morel) Gyromitra sphaerospora (Umbrella False Morel) Gyroporus castaneus (Chestnut Bolete) Hapalopilus nidulans (Cinnamon Bracket) Harrya chromapes (Chrome-footed Bolete) Hebeloma colvini (poisonpie) Heimiomyces tenuipes (Orange Faint Foot Mushroom) Helvella chinensis (Stalked Hairy Cup) Helvella crispa (Fluted White Elfin Saddle) Helvella lacunosa (Elfin Saddle) Helvella macropus (Felt Saddle Fungus) Hemileccinum subglabripes (Smoothish-stemmed Bolete) Hemimycena lactea (Milky Bonnet) Hemipholiota populnea (Poplar Pholiota) Hemistropharia albocrenulata (White-crested Scaly) Hericium americanum (Bear’s Head Tooth) Hericium cirrhatum (Tiered Tooth Fungus) Hericium coralloides (Coral Tooth Fungus) Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane) Hesperomyces virescens (Green Beetle Hanger) Heterotextus spp. (fungi) Hohenbuehelia mastrucata (Woolly Oyster) Hohenbuehelia nigra (fungus) Hohenbuehelia petaloides (Shoehorn Oyster Mushroom) Hortiboletus rubellus (Ruby Bolete) Humidicutis marginata var. marginata (Orange-gilled Waxy Cap) Hydnellum aurantiacum (Orange Rough-cap Tooth) Hydnellum caeruleum (Blue Tooth) Hydnellum concrescens (Zoned Tooth) Hydnellum ferrugineum (Mealy Tooth) Hydnellum peckii (Red-juice Tooth) Hydnellum scabrosum (Bitter Tooth) Hydnellum suaveolens (Sweetgrass Hydnellum) Hydnoporia olivacea (Brown-toothed Crust Fungus) Hydnoporia tabacina (Willow Glue) Hydnum spp. (Hedgehog Mushrooms) Hydnum umbilicatum (Depressed Hedgehog) Hygrocybe ceracea (Butter Waxcap) Hygrocybe coccinea (Scarlet Waxy Cap) Hygrocybe conica (Witch’s Hat) Hygrocybe flavescens (Golden Waxy Cap) Hygrocybe miniata (Vermilion Waxcap) Hygrocybe mucronella (Bitter Waxcap) Hygrocybe parvula (waxcap) Hygrocybe punicea (Crimson Waxcap) Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (False Chanterelle) Hygrophorus agathosmus (Almond Woodwax) Hygrophorus camarophyllus (Arched Woodwax) Hygrophorus discoideus (Clay Waxycap) Hygrophorus eburneus (Cowboy’s Handkerchief) Hygrophorus eburneus var. eburneus (Cowboy’s Handkerchief) Hygrophorus erubescens (Blotched Woodwax) Hygrophorus fuligineus (Sooty Hygrophorus) Hygrophorus piceae (Spruce Waxy Cap) Hygrophorus pudorinus (Rosy Woodwax) Hygrophorus purpurascens (Veiled Purple Waxcap) Hymenopellis furfuracea (Beech Rooter) Hymenopellis megalospora (Lesser Rooting Xerula) Hymenopellis radicata (Deep Root Mushroom) Hymenoscyphus calyculus (fungus) Hymenoscyphus fructigenus (Nut Disco) Hypholoma capnoides (Smoky-gilled Hypholoma) Hypholoma lateritium (Brick Cap) Hypomyces hyalinus (Amanita Mold) Hypomyces lactifluorum (Lobster Mushroom) Hypomyces luteovirens (Yellow-green Russula Mold) Hypomyces macrosporus (fungus) Hypomyces microspermus (Mushroom Pimples Fungus) Hypomyces purpureus (fungus) Hypoxylon rubiginosum (Rusty Woodwart) Hypsizygus elongatipes (Beech Mushroom) Hypsizygus tessellatus (Brown Beech Mushroom) Hypsizygus tessulatus (Beech Mushroom) Hypsizygus ulmarius (Elm Oyster) Hysterangium spp. (fungi) Imleria badia (Bay Bolete) Infundibulicybe trulliformis (Dapper Funnel) Inocybe asterospora (Star Fibercap) Inocybe flocculosa (Fleecy Fibercap) Inocybe heterochrominea (fiber cap) Inocybe hirtella (fiber cap) Inocybe lanuginosa (Woolly fibrecap) Inocybe lilacina (Lilac Fibrecap) Inocybe mixtilis (Blonde, Hairy Inocybe) Inocybe nitidiuscula (fiber cap) Inocybe nodulospora (fiber cap) Inocybe pyriodora (Fragrant Inocybe) Inocybe rimosa (Deadly Inocybe) Inocybe stellatospora (Woolly Fibrecap) Inocybe subcarpta (fiber cap) Inosperma adaequatum (fungus) Inosperma calamistratum (Greenfoot Fibrecap) Irpex lacteus (Milk-white Toothed Polypore) Ischnoderma benzoinum (Benzoin Bracket) Ischnoderma resinosum (Resinous Polypore) Jimgerdemannia lactiflua (Milky Pea Truffle) Kretzschmaria deusta (Brittle Cinder) Kuehneromyces vernalis (Conifer Woodtuft) Laccaria ochropurpurea (Purple-gilled Laccaria) Laccaria tortilis (Twisted Deceiver) Laccaria trullisata (Sandy Laccaria) Lacrymaria velutina (Weeping Widow) Lactarius affinis (Kindred Milk Cap) Lactarius affinis var affinis (Kindred Milk Cap) Lactarius aquizonatus (Water-margined Milk Cap) Lactarius camphoratus (Curry Milkcap) Lactarius chelidonium (Celandine Lactarius) Lactarius controversus (Blushing Milkcap) Lactarius deliciosus (Saffron Milk Cap) Lactarius fuliginellus (Common Milkcap) Lactarius glutigriseus (milkcap) Lactarius hepaticus (Liver Milkcap) Lactarius indigo (Indigo Milk Cap) Lactarius lignyotus (Chocolate Milky) Lactarius maculatus (milk cap) Lactarius mucidus (Slimy Milk Cap) Lactarius nancyae (milk cap) Lactarius paradoxus (Silver-blue Milkcap) Lactarius pseudodeceptivus (milkcap) Lactarius pseudoflexuosus (milkcap) Lactarius pseudouvidus (milkcap) Lactarius pubescens (Downy Milk Cap) Lactarius pyrogalus (Fire-milk Lactarius) Lactarius quietus (Oakbug Milkcap) Lactarius repraesentaneus (Purple-staining Bearded Milk Cap) Lactarius salmonicolor (Salmon Milkcap) Lactarius scrobiculatus (Spotted Milkcap) Lactarius sordidus (Dirty Milky) Lactarius subvellereus (Fleecy Milky Cap) Lactarius tabidus (Birch Milkcap) Lactarius tabidus (Sulphur Milkcap) Lactarius villosus (Hairy Milkcap) Lactifluus piperatus (Peppery Milkcap) Laeticutis cristata (fungus) Laetiporus cincinnatus (White-Pored Chicken of the Woods) Laetiporus persicinus (White Chicken Mushroom) Laetiporus sulphureus (Chicken of the Woods) Lanmaoa pallidorosea (Bouillon Bolete) Laxitextum bicolor (Two-tone Parchment) Leccinum atrostipitatum (Dark-stalked Bolete) Leccinum flavostipitatum (bolete) Leccinum insigne (Aspen Bolete) Leccinum snellii (Snell’s Bolete) Leccinum vulpinum (Foxy Bolete) Lentaria byssiseda (fungus) Lentinellus micheneri (Stalked Lentinellus) Lentinellus ursinus (Bear Lentinus) Lentinus brumalis (Winter Polypore) Lentinus tigrinus (Tiger Sawgill) Leotia viscosa (Chicken Lips) Lepiota aspera (Freckled Dapperling) Lepiota clypeolaria (Shield Dapperling) Lepiota cortinarius (Cobweb Parasol) Lepiota cristata (Stinking Dapperling) Lepiota josserandii (Deadly Parasol) Lepiota lilacea (fungus) Lepiota neophana (fungus) Lepista irina (Flowery Blewit) Leptonia strictipes (fungus) Leratiomyces squamosus var. thraustus (Slender Roundhead) Leucocoprinus cepistipes (Onion-stalk Parasol) Leucocybe candicans (Frosty funnel) Leucopaxillus laterarius (Fairly False Funnelcap) Leucopholiota decorosa (Decorated Pholiota) Loreleia postii (Liverwort Navel) Lycoperdon curtisii (Curtis’s Puffball) Lycoperdon echinatum (Spiny Puffball) Lycoperdon marginatum (Peeling Puffball) Lycoperdon molle (Soft Puffball) Lycoperdon perlatum (Common Puffball) Lycoperdon pulcherrimum (Long-spined Puffball) Lycoperdon subincarnatum (Ruddy Puffball) Lyophyllum decastes (Fried Chicken Mushroom) Lyophyllum konradianum (domecap) Lysurus cruciatus (Lizard’s Claw Mushroom) Marasmiaceae (Pinwheel Mushrooms) Marasmius epiphyllus (Leaf Parachute) Marasmius oreades (Fairy Ring Marasmius) Marasmius rotula (Collared Parachute) Marasmius strictipes (Orange-yellow Marasmius) Melampsora bigelowii (rust fungus) Melanoleuca davisiae (cavalier) Melanoleuca resplendens (knight) Melanomma subdispersum (fungus) Melastiza chateri (Red Saucer) Merulius spp. (shelf fungi) Microglossum rufum (Orange Earthtongue) Mitrula spp. (Swamp Beacons) Mollisia cinerea (Common Grey Disco) Mollisia ligni (fungus) Morchella elata (Black Morel) Morchella esculenta (Yellow Morel) Multiclavula mucida (White Green-algae Coral) Mutinus caninus (Dog Stinkhorn) Mutinus elegans (Devil's Dipstick) Mycena acicula (Orange Bonnet) Mycena citrinomarginata (Yellow-edged Bonnet) Mycena crocea (Walnut Mycena) Mycena flavifolia (bonnet) Mycena galericulata (Common Bonnet) Mycena haematopus (Bleeding Fairy Helmet) Mycena inclinata (Clustered Bonnet) Mycena leaiana (Orange Mycena) Mycena leptocephala (Nitrous Bonnet) Mycena pura (Lilac Bonnet) Mycena purpureofusca (Purple-edge Bonnet) Mycena sanguinolenta (Bleeding Bonnet) Mycena subcaerulea (Blue Mycena) Mycena vulgaris (Common Mycena) Mycosphoerello effiguroto (Mycosphaerella Leaf Spot) Mycosphoerello fraxinicola (Phyllosticta Leaf Spot) Narcissea cordispora (Ticker Inkcap) Narcissea patouillardii (fungus) Nectria spp. (fungi) Neofavolus alveolaris (Hexagonal-pored Polypore) Neolentinus cyathiformis (fungus) Neolentinus ponderosus (Giant Lentinus) Neottiella vivida (fungus) Niveoporofomes spraguei (Green Cheese Polypore) Octaviania spp. (bolete) Omphalotus illudens (Eastern American Jack-o’-Lantern Mushroom) Onnia tomentosa (Woolly Velvet Polypore) Ophiocordyceps clavulata (Bug Sputnik) Ophiocordyceps stylophora (fungus) Orbilia auricolor (fungus) Orbilia luteorubella (fungus) Otidea bufonia (Toad’s Ear) Paecilomyces penicillatus (fungus) Panaeolus papilionaceus (Petticoat Mottlegill) Panaeolus spp. (Mottlegills) Panellus stipticus (Luminescent Panellus) Panus conchatus (Lilac Oysterling) Panus neostrigosus (Hairy Oyster Mushroom) Paragyrodon sphaerosporus (Leathery-veiled Bolete) Parasola auricoma (Goldenhaired Inkcap) Parasola conopilus (Conical Brittlestem) Parasola plicatilis (Pleated Inkcap) Perenniporia fraxinophila (Ash Heart Rot) Perenniporia subacida (White Stringy Butt Rot) Peziza badia (Bay Cup) Pezizaceae (cup fungi) Phaeolus schweinitzii (Dyer’s Polypore) Phaeomarasmius spp. (fungi) Phaeotremella foliacea (Leafy Brain) Phallaceae (Stinkhorns) Phallus duplicatus (Skirted Stinkhorn) Phallus hadriani (Dune Stinkhorn) Phallus impudicus (Common Stinkhorn) Phallus ravenelii (Ravenel’s Stinkhorn) Phallus rubicundus (Devil’s Stinkhorn) Phellinopsis conchata (fungus) Phellinus everhartii (Canker Rot) Phellinus igniarius (Willow Bracket) Phellinus populicola (fungus) Phellinus tremulae (Aspen Bracket) Phellodon confluens (Fused Tooth) Phellodon melaleucus (Grey Tooth) Phellodon niger (Black Tooth) Phlebia incarnata (Coral-pink Merulius) Phlebia radiata (Wrinkled Crust) Phlebia tremellosa (Jelly Rot) Pholiota astragalina (Pinkish-orange Pholiota) Pholiota aurivella group (Golden Pholiota) Pholiota carbonaria (Charcoal Scalycap) Pholiota granulosa (scalycap) Pholiota mixta (scalycap) Pholiota squarrosa (Shaggy Pholiota) Pholiota squarrosoides (Sharp-scaly Pholiota) Pholiotina rugosa (Ringed Cone Head) Phomopsis spp. (Phomopsis gall on hickory) Phragmidium americanum (rust fungus) Phragmidium ivesiae (rust fungus) Phragmidium potentillae (rust fungus) Phyllactinia guttata (Powdery Mildew) Phylloporus rhodoxanthus (Golden Gilled Bolete) Phyllosticta minima (Purple Bordered Leaf Spot) Picipes badius (Bay Polypore) Pisolithus tinctorius (Dead Man’s Foot) Plasmopara halstedii (downy mildew) Plectania melastoma (Corona Cup) Pleurocybella porrigens (Angels Wings) Pleuroflammula multifolia (fungus) Pleurotaceae (fungi) Pleurotus citrinopileatus (Golden Oyster Mushroom) Pleurotus dryinus (Veiled Oyster Mushroom) Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom) Pleurotus populinus (Aspen Oyster Mushroom) Pleurotus pulmonarius (Summer Oyster Mushroom) Pleurotus spp. (Oyster Mushrooms) Plicaturopsis crispa (Crimped Gill) Pluteus atromarginatus (Blackedged Shield) Pluteus aurantiorugosus (Flame Shield) Pluteus cervinus (Deer Mushroom) Pluteus granularis (deer mushroom) Pluteus longistriatus (Pleated Pluteus) Pluteus pellitus (Ghost Shield) Pluteus petasatus (Patrician Deer Mushroom) Pluteus romellii (Goldleaf Shield) Pluteus salicinus (Willow Shield) Polyozellus multiplex (Blue Chanterelle) Polyporaceae (Bracket Fungi) Polyporus arcularius (Spring Polypore) Polyporus radicatus (Rooting Polypore) Polyporus tuberaster (Tuberous Polypore) Polyporus umbellatus (Umbrella Polypore) Porodaedalea pini (Pine Bracket) Porodisculus pendulus (Pendulous-disc Polypore) Protostropharia semiglobata (Dung Roundhead) Psathyrella candolleana (Pale Brittlestem) Psathyrella conissans (Red-gilled Psathyrella) Psathyrella cystidiosa (brittlestem) Psathyrella piluliformis (Common Stump Brittlestem) Psathyrella rhodospora (brittlestem) Pseudoarmillariella ectypoides (Streaked Clitocybe) Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis (The Goblet) Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Toothed Jelly Fungus) Pseudomarasmius pallidocephalus (Conifer Pinwheel) Pseudosperma rimosum (Split Fibrecap) Pseudospiropes longipilus (fungus) Puccinia andropogonis var. xanthoxyli (Rust of Prickly Ash) Puccinia bolleyana (Elderberry Rust) Puccinia coronata (Crown Rust) Puccinia eatoniae (orange-yellow rust) Puccinia longipes var. brevipes (orange-yellow rust) Puccinia mariae-wilsoniae (Spring Beauty Rust) Puccinia polygoni-amphibii var. convolvuli (rust fungus) Puccinia silphii (orange-yellow rust) Puccinia sparganioidis (Ash Rust) Pulvinula convexella (fungus) Punctularia strigosozonata (White-rot Fungus) Ramaria apiculata var. apiculata (Green-tipped Coral) Ramaria apiculata var. brunnea (Green-tipped Coral) Ramaria aurea (Golden Coral Fungus) Ramaria flavobrunnescens (Yellow-Brown Coral Fungus) Ramaria foetida (coral fungus) Ramaria formosa (Yellow-tipped Coral Fungus) Ramaria longispora (Longspored Orange Coral) Ramaria pusilla (coral fungus) Ramaria rubella (coral fungus) Ramaria rubiginosa (coral fungus) Ramaria stricta (Strict-branched Coral Fungus) Ramaria stricta var. concolor (Strict-branched Coral Fungus) Ramariopsis asterella (fungus) Resinomycena rhododendri (fungus) Resupinatus dealbatus (fungus) Retiboletus griseus (Grey Bolete) Rhizopogon rubescens (Blushing False Truffle) Rhizopogon spp. (fungus) Rhodocollybia maculata (Spotted Collybia) Rhodofomes cajanderi (Rosy Conk) Rhodofomes carneus (bracket polypore) Rhodofomes roseus (Rose Bracket) Rhodotus palmatus (Wrinkled Peach) Rhytisma acerinum (Tar Spot) Rhytisma americanum (American Tar Spot) Rhytisma punctatum (Speckled Tar Spot) Rigidoporus populinus (Poplar Bracket) Rosisphaerella rosicola (Cercospora Leaf Spot of Roses) Russula adusta (Winecork Brittlegill) Russula aeruginea (Green Russula) Russula albonigra (Blackening Russula) Russula amoenicolor (brittlegill) Russula amoenolens (Camembert Brittlegill) Russula aurata (brittlegill) Russula betularum (Birch Brittlegill) Russula bicolor (Bicolored Russula) Russula borealis (Northern Russula) Russula brevipes (Short-stemmed Russula) Russula californiensis (brittlegill) Russula cerolens (brittlegill) Russula cessans (Tardy Brittlegill) Russula cinerascens (brittlegill) Russula claroflava (Yellow Swamp Brittlegill) Russula compacta (Fishbiscuit Russula) Russula cremoricolor (Winter Russula) Russula crustosa (Green Quilt Russula) Russula cyanoxantha (Charcoal Burner) Russula cyanoxantha var. variata (Charcoal Burner) Russula decolorans (Copper Brittlegill) Russula delica (Milk-white Brittlegill) Russula densifolia (Crowded Brittlegill) Russula exalbicans (Bleached Brittlegill) Russula flavisiccans (brittlestem) Russula foetens (Stinking Brittlegill) Russula foetentula (brittlegill) Russula fragilis (Fragile Brittlegill) Russula fragrantissima (Almond-scented Russula) Russula galochroa (brittlegill) Russula grata (Almond-scented Russula) Russula heterophylla (Greasy Green Brittlegill) Russula lutea (Small Yellow Russula) Russula mariae (Purple-bloom Russula) Russula michiganensis (brittlegill) Russula modesta (Modest Russula) Russula nigricans (Blackening Brittlegill) Russula nitida (Purple Swamp Brittlegill) Russula ochroleuca (Ochre Brittlegill) Russula parvovirescens (Blue-green Cracking Russula) Russula pulchra (Beautiful Russula) Russula pulverulenta (brittlegill) Russula rhodocephala (Redhead Russula) Russula romagnesiana (brittlegill) Russula rosacea (Blood Red Russula) Russula rosea (Rosy Brittlegill) Russula sanguinaria (Bloody Brittlegill) Russula sanguinea (Bloody Brittlegill) Russula sardonia (Primrose Brittlegill) Russula silvicola (Emetic Russula) Russula squalida (brittlegill) Russula variata (Variable Russula) Russula ventricosipes (brittlegill) Russula vinacea (Blackish-red Russula) Russula viridella (brittlegill) Russula viscida (Viscid Brittlegill) Russula xerampelina (Shellfish-scented Russula) Sarcomyxa serotina (Late Oyster) Sarcoscypha austriaca (Scarlet Cup) Sarcoscypha occidentalis (Stalked Scarlet Cup) Sarcosoma globosum (Witches Cauldron) Sarcosphaera crassa (Crown Fungus) Schizonella melanogramma (Rare Spring Sedge Smut) Schizophyllum commune (Split Gill) Scleroderma citrinum (Common Earthball) Scleroderma michiganense (earthball) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (White Mold) Sclerotiniaceae (fungi) Scutellinia erinaceus (Orange Eyelash Cup) Scutellinia scutellata (Common Eyelash) Scytinotus longinquus (fungus) Sebacina schweinitzii (Jellied False Coral Fungus) Sebacina sparassoidea (White Coral Jelly Fungus) Sepedonium spp. (fungi) Septoria aceris (Septoria Leaf Spot) Simocybe centunculus (Dingy Twiglet) Simocybe spp. (fungus) Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum (Butternut Canker) Sowerbyella rhenana (Stalked Orange Peel Fungus) Spathularia flavida (Yellow Fan) Spathulariopsis velutipes (Velvet-foot Fairy Fan) Sphaerobolus stellatus (Shooting Star) Spinellus spp. (pin mold) Stagonospora apocyni (Leaf Spot of Hemp Dogbane) Steccherinum ochraceum (Ochre Spreading Tooth) Steccherinum spp. (fungi) Stephanoma spp. (fungus) Stereum complicatum (Crowded Parchment) Stereum gausapatum (Bleeding Oak Crust) Stereum hirsutum (Hairy Curtain Crust) Stereum ostrea (False Turkey Tail) Stereum striatum (Silky Parchment) Strobilomyces confusus (Confusing Bolete) Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Old Man of the Woods) Stropharia aeruginosa (Verdigris Agaric) Stropharia rugosoannulata (Wine-cap Stropharia) Suillellus luridus (Lurid Bolete) Suillus americanus (Chicken Fat Mushroom) Suillus borealis (slippery jack) Suillus luteus (Slippery Jack) Suillus placidus (Slippery White Bolete) Suillus spp. (slippery jack) Suillus spraguei (Painted Suillus) Suillus weaverae (Butterball) Taphrina caerulescens (Oak Leaf Blister) Taphrina communis (Leaf Curl) Taphrina communis (Plum Pocket) Tapinella panuoides (Oyster Rollrim) Tephrocybe spp. (Greylings) Thelephora palmata (Stinking Earthfan) Thelephora terrestris (Earthfan) Tolypocladium capitatum (Drumstick Truffleclub) Tolypocladium ophioglossoides (Snaketongue Truffleclub) Tremellaceae (fungi) Trametes betulina (Gilled Polypore) Trametes cinnabarina (Northern Cinnabar Polypore) Trametes elegans (White Maze Polypore) Trametes gibbosa (Lumpy Bracket) Trametes hirsuta (Hairy Bracket) Trametes ochracea (Ochre Bracket) Trametes pubescens (bracket fungus) Trametes versicolor (Turkey Tail) Trametopsis cervina (shelf fungus) Tranzschelia arthurii (Black Cherry Rust) Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. americana (rust fungus) Tremella aurantia (Golden Ear) Tremella fuciformis (Snow Fungus) Tremella mesenterica (Witches’ Butter) Tremiscus helvelloides (Apricot Jelly fungus) Trichaptum abietinum (Violet-pored Bracket Fungus) Trichaptum biforme (Violet-toothed Polypore) Trichoderma viride (Green Mould of Narcissus) Trichoglossum spp. (Hairy Earth Tongues) Tricholoma argenteum (knight) Tricholoma caligatum (False Matsutake) Tricholoma columbetta (Blue Spot Knight) Tricholoma equestre (Yellow Knight) Tricholoma focale (Necklace Tricholoma) Tricholoma fulvum (Birch Knight) Tricholoma imbricatum (Matt Knight) Tricholoma inamoenum (Gassy Knight) Tricholoma intermedium (Western Chevalier) Tricholoma magnivelare (American Matsutake) Tricholoma mutabile (knight) Tricholoma odorum (knight) Tricholoma olivaceobrunneum (knight) Tricholoma portentosum (Sticky Gray Trich) Tricholoma subresplendens (knight) Tricholoma sulphureum (Sulphur Knight) Tricholoma transmutans (knight) Tricholoma vaccinum (Russet Scaly Tricholoma) Tricholoma virgatum (Ashen Knight) Tubakia dryina (Tubakia leaf spot) Tubaria confragosa (Ringed Tubaria) Tubaria furfuracea (Scurfy Twiglet) Tubaria hiemalis (Winter Twiglet) Tulostoma simulans (Stalked Puffball) Turbinellus floccosus (Scaly Chanterelle) Tylopilus alboater (Black Velvet Bolete) Tylopilus felleus (Bitter Bolete) Tylopilus spp. (boletes) Typhrasa gossypina (Wrinkled Psathyrella) Tyromyces caesius (Blue Cheese Polypore) Tyromyces chioneus (White Cheese Polypore) Urnula craterium (Devil’s Urn) Urocystis occulta (Stripe Smut of Rye) Uromyces acuminatus (rust fungus) Uromyces ari-triphylli (Jack-in-the-Pulpit Rust) Uromyces halstedii (rust fungus) Uromyces seditiosus (rust fungus) Uromyces spp. (rust fungus) Uromyces viciae-fabae (Faba Bean Rust) Ustilago syntherismae (Loose Smut) Valsa sordida (Cytospora Canker) Vanderbylia robiniophila (bracket fungus) Verpa bohemica (Early Morel) Vitreoporus dichrous (Bicoloured Bracket) Volvariella bombycina (Silky Rosegill) Wilsoniana portulacae (Purslane White Rust) Xanthoporia radiata (Alder Bracket) Xerocomellus chrysenteron (Red-cracking Bolete) Xerocomus subtomentosus (Suede Bolete) Xeromphalina cauticinalis (Pinelitter Gingertail) Xylaria cubensis (fungus) Xylaria filiformis (fungus) Xylaria hypoxylon (Candlesnuff Fungus) Xylaria longipes (Dead Moll’s Fingers) Xylaria polymorpha (Dead Man’s Fingers) Xylobolus frustulatus (Ceramic Parchment) |
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Capitalization of common names
Fungi common names are governed by International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). According to the ICN, fungi common names can be either capitalized or not. In Britain fungi common names are governed by The British Mycological Society (BMS). The BMS formed a working party in 2005 to standardize common names of fungi. The project is ongoing, but a current checklist is available on the BMS Website. According to BMS, “the use of capitals for the English name in published texts will be to an extent determined by the publisher.” The BMS checklist uses capitalized common English language names. Most authors today also use capitalized common names for fungi. MinnesotaSeasons.com will adhere to the convention adopted by BMS.
Lowercase common names
The species in the list on this page whose name is all lowercase do not have a common name. The lowercase common name has been borrowed from the genus, family or other taxonomic rank.
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