jack-in-the-pulpit

not listed

N5 - Secure

SNR - Unranked

not listed

FAC - Facultative

FACW - Facultative wetland

FAC - Facultative

Jack-in-the-pulpit is a 12″ to 36″ tall, erect, perennial forb that rises from a corm with secondary roots.

There is no central stem.

Usually 2 leaves, sometimes just 1, rarely 3 rise from the corm on long, erect stalks that reach 24″ by the time the plant is in full flower. The leaves are divided into 3, rarely 5, more or less stalkless leaflets. The leaflets are 2½″ to 8″ long, 1¼″ to 5½″ wide, and taper gradually to a point at the tip with concave sides along the tip. There is a prominent midvein originating from the base of the leaf and extending to the tip, and up to 10 or more prominent, parallel, lateral veins branching pinnately off the midvein. The lateral veins curve abruptly toward the leaf tip before reaching the margin, and join together in a marginal vein. The angle formed between the midvein of the terminal leaflet and either lateral leaflet is 90° or less.

The upper surface is medium to dark green and hairless. The lower surface is paler green, hairless, and covered with a whitish, waxy coating (glaucous). The margins are untoothed. The terminal leaflet is egg-shaped or broadly diamond-shaped. The lateral leaflets are distinctly asymmetrical and smaller than the terminal leaflet.

A single flower stalk (peduncle) rises from the corm with the leaves. The peduncle is shorter than the leaf stalks.

The inflorescence is a spike with tiny flowers crowded on a thickened axis (spadix). The spadix is yellow, 1″ to 3½″ tall, blunt-tipped, and club-shaped, tapering slightly from a narrower base to a broader tip. A leaf-like bract (spathe) forms a tube surrounding the spadix. It is expanded near the tip forming a long, tapering hood that covers the spadix and tube. The hood opens at maturity, exposing half of the spadix. The spathe is green, often with purple stripes.

The male flowers are located above the female flowers on the lower half of the spadix. The upper part of the spadix has no flowers.

The fruit is a nearly spherical, 1 ⁄5″ to ¼″ long, red berry with 1 to 3 seeds, borne in a tight cluster up to 2″ long.

12″ to 36″

Yellow

Trilliums (Trillium spp.) look similar when no flower or fruit is present. They can be distinguished from jack-in-the-pulpit by the veins on the leaves. Trillium leaves have 5 prominent veins originating from the base of the leaf and extending to the tip. The lateral veins form a network. The angle formed between the midvein of the terminal leaflet and either lateral leaflet is greater than 90° (obtuse).

Moist to moderate moisture. Woods. Partial sun to shade.

April to June

Sources

2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 24, 28, 29, 30.

Native

Common

Some taxonomic authorities, including GRIN and USDA Plants, recognize the three subspecies of jack-in-the-pulpit listed above. All of them occur in Minnesota. The three subspecies can be recognized in the field but herbarium specimens are difficult to separate. There is much overlap in the defining characteristics, with many intermediate forms and hybrids. Nevertheless, the subspecies are reproductively isolated in the wild. Some sources, including iNaturalist, treat them as three separate species. Most sources, including ITIS, Plants of the World Online, and World Flora Online, treat Arisaema triphyllum as one highly variable species with no subspecies. Flora of North America does not recognize the subspecies but does include a key for distingushing between them.

This one was big !

Plant

Flower

Leaves

Infructescence

Location: Hugo, MN

This one was big !

Location: Nerstrand Big Woods State Park

Location: Pine Bend Bluffs SNA